Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social communication and interaction, along with restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. It affects approximately 1 in 36 children in the United States.

Core Characteristics

Social communication differences may include difficulty with back-and-forth conversation, reduced sharing of interests or emotions, challenges understanding nonverbal cues like facial expressions and body language, and difficulty developing and maintaining relationships. Restricted and repetitive behaviors may include repetitive movements, insistence on routines, highly focused interests, and unusual sensory responses.

A Spectrum of Presentations

The word “spectrum” reflects the enormous variation in how autism presents. Some individuals are nonspeaking and need substantial daily support. Others are highly verbal, academically gifted, and live independently. Most fall somewhere in between, with a unique combination of strengths and challenges.

When Autism Is Identified

Autism can be reliably identified as early as 18 months, though many individuals are not diagnosed until later childhood, adolescence, or even adulthood. Signs are often first noticed when children do not meet expected social and communication milestones.

Living with Autism

With appropriate support, autistic individuals can lead meaningful, productive lives. Early intervention through therapies like ABA builds essential skills during the period of greatest brain plasticity. Ongoing support, accommodations, and acceptance from the broader community enable autistic people to contribute their unique perspectives and abilities.