Research has established a modest but real association between premature birth and increased autism risk. However, the relationship is complex, and prematurity alone does not cause autism.

What Research Shows

A 2021 meta-analysis found that children born before 37 weeks gestation had about twice the risk of being diagnosed with autism compared to full-term infants. The risk increases with earlier gestational age, with very preterm infants (born before 28 weeks) showing the highest rates.

Why the Connection Exists

Premature birth interrupts critical periods of brain development that normally occur in the third trimester. The preterm brain is also more vulnerable to complications like intraventricular hemorrhage, infection, and oxygen deprivation. These factors may interact with existing genetic predisposition to increase autism risk rather than independently causing it.

Early Screening Is Critical

Because premature infants are at higher risk, developmental screening should be especially diligent. Pediatricians typically follow preterm children more closely, adjusting for gestational age when assessing milestones. Parents of preemies should be aware of autism signs and feel empowered to request evaluation if concerns arise.

Early Intervention Makes a Difference

Whether a child was born prematurely or full-term, early identification and intervention lead to the best outcomes. ABA therapy is effective for autistic children regardless of the factors that contributed to their diagnosis. Treetop ABA Therapy supports families from diagnosis through treatment across 11 states.