Anxiety Disorders (40-70%)

Anxiety is the most prevalent co-occurring condition in autism. Social anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, and separation anxiety all occur at elevated rates. The unpredictability of social situations, sensory overload, and difficulty interpreting others’ intentions contribute to chronic anxiety. Anxiety may present as avoidance, rigidity, meltdowns, or physical symptoms like stomachaches.

ADHD (30-60%)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder co-occurs with autism at high rates. Since the DSM-5 allowed dual diagnosis in 2013, identification has improved. Shared features include executive function challenges, sensory-seeking behavior, and difficulty with sustained attention. ADHD-specific symptoms like impulsivity and hyperactivity may intensify autism-related challenges with social interaction and self-regulation.

Depression (20-40%)

Depression affects autistic individuals at rates significantly higher than the general population. Social isolation, awareness of being different, employment challenges, and the cumulative toll of masking all contribute. Depression in autism may look different: withdrawal, loss of interest in special interests, increased irritability, or regression in skills rather than typical verbal expressions of sadness.

OCD (17-37%)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is elevated in autism but must be distinguished from autism-related repetitive behaviors. OCD rituals are typically experienced as distressing and unwanted, while autism-related repetitive behaviors are often soothing or pleasurable. When both conditions are present, treatment must differentiate between behaviors that need to be reduced (OCD) and those that serve a regulatory function (autism).

Comprehensive Treatment

Co-occurring conditions require integrated treatment. ABA therapy can be adapted to address anxiety and depression-related behaviors. Medication may be appropriate for some conditions. Treetop ABA Therapy takes a holistic approach, coordinating with psychiatrists and therapists to address the full range of each individual’s needs.